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Its a baby shower, its actually a party for a baby. In most situations it would be weird to not allow kids. Do not personally invite the kids just be accepting to them. Have a small area for them to hang out and let them participate in the games. It probably wo not be a lot of kids, most women use these things as an excuse to get away for a few hours and relax with friends. There also may be a few neices, sisters or cousins that are like 9 or 10 that might be very offended if they are not invited. I actually had my baby shower at a casino buffet (weird I know, but it was cool.) and could not invite anyone under 21. There were a few people that were upset they could not come, mainly my 7 year old cousin. Most of your friends, sons wo not even want to go but a lot of daughters will since they hear its "for women only".1. what to wear to a winter baby shower?If I were you , I would wear a comfy semi-dressy outfit. Possibly a skirt or just some nice dress pants and nice shirt, You can basically get them anywear, make yourself look extra nice by doing your hair nicely and putting on some makeup no one will know the differance. Besides everyone knows pregnancy is not the most "glamorous" time in a womans life so I would not worry to much. Good luck and congrats!!!!.2. Any ideas for Baby Shower Games?Yea...Get some of the guys to come...Fill the bottle with soda and see who is the most ready to be the daddy... Wink WInk...Hint to the daddy to bite the bottle nipple....3. are baby shower gifts for mom or baby?that's an exceptionally advantageous concept. i think of perhaps advantageous bathe gel and loation, slippers and in case you would be so sort to offer to renounce with the aid of like as quickly as a week for the 1st month and watch the infant for an hour or 2 so she will take a warm bathe and get a snooze4. Over the top Baby shower help!?Why are you complaining? You have graduated high school, and are having a baby but you can not spell potato, spaghetti or handle? Accept the shower gratefully5. Baby shower menu and ideas for girl?I would keep the foods simple like mini sandwiches, fruit and veggie tray and a cute supermarket cake and punch. You could also serve pink lemonade, or have pink mock-tails. For favors you can have little bottles or plastic rattles filled with pink candies, or bubble gum cigars.6. Is this a good idea for a second baby shower?I think it is a great idea, but you might want to consider your daughters feelings about having to share the attention at the party with the new baby. Congrats!7. Is it tacky to hold a second baby shower?I think it's tacky if you throw the shower yourself. Also, if you say gifts optional, what is the point in having a shower? Since the main purpose of a shower is to get gifts, it does not make sense to throw a shower and then say gifts are optional. So I would not do that. Maybe hint to your close friends and family that you have most of the big stuff but need some small items and hopefully they will get the hint and throw a small shower for you or at least get those items for you themselves. As for the registry, definitely do it. As someone else mentioned, you get discounts off items remaining on your registry. So you can take advantage of that whether or not you have a shower. In the meantime, scour consignment shops, goodwill, yard sales, garage sales, craigslist, ebay, and inexpensive places like Target and Wal-mart for cheap baby stuff. Also sign up for Babies R Us rewards program and their email list so you can get coupons by email8. When are baby shower's suppose to be?I am having one at 6 weeks and 5 weeks before. I keep getting scared that that is not enough time for me to have anything ready. As of now I am already having signs of preterm labor and that is stressing the situation even more. I would have liked to have them at least two months before..so I wouldnt spazz out..lol. But I wouldnt wait to long because you never know what is going to happen

your best bet is to look up your local auto upholstery shop and ask a few of them i think you will really start liking the cloth or maybe a leather substitute if possible to have a leather interior done is expensive and i am not sure if the factory had a leather option for that car if so the covers could be bought alot easier and less expensive than making from scratch overall its going to be on the expensive side good luck1. How do you get rid of orange peel on your car?it will have to be wet sanded with a fine sandpaper 1000 to 1500 grit and then buffed.all paint has orange peel effect to some extent even from the factory just not as bad because they bake the paint and is a cleaner environment2. if my car doesnt have an auxiliary audio input, can i have it installed in?typically the toyota/lexus factory radio's have a special port usually used for a cd changer, but they do sell adapters that will add an auxiliary input that ties into that port. Typically i would suggest an e-bay search for Aux Input Adapter for your car. I am actually surprised the factory does not offer it as a option since it is fairly common on most luxury cars nowadays. If it is offered and you want to spend the money and have it look like it is factory installed in the car i would suggest having the dealer add the option. The aftermarket way is cheaper but it will be just a cable running from the back of the radio.3. How much does it cost to paint a car?You are wasting your time and money to change the color af EITHER car. Both cars have paint systems that chemically fuse the paint to the metal at the factory. You will NEVER be able to duplicate the process. If you want a car of a different color, then TRADE it for what you want!!!! To paint either car is more like defacing it. If the Beetle is an OLD beetle (1970's) then that is different. You will totally ruin what you have by attempting to change the color.4. Where can I go to get a copy made of a Medeco key?Some Medeco keyways are unrestricted; others can only be copied (officially) by the issuing locksmith, which might be the factory (e.g. the S1 and R1 keyways).If you want to copy a medeco key using a restricted keyway for which you do not have acces to the authorization card, it's pretty easy to use a key (or a photograph of a key) and rapid prototyping/cnc machining to make a perfectly functional key.Mechanical keys are a dead security technology. There are no genuinely high security applications for which they are authorized; they are used within secure environments for policy enforcement among authorized users (e.g. lockout/tagout, or need to know enforcement, and for low security applications5. 2005 Mercury Mountaineer - Front End Squeaking?It sounds like a bad lower ball joint or outer tie rod-they are sealed from the factory and sometimes dry up and cannot be greased-only replaced6. How do i turn up the heat on the water heater?Is it electric & how old is the water heater. They are preset from the factory. If the water is not staying hot as it used to u probably have a heating element that has burnt out7. Does putting different rims on my car effect the power output?How much a wheel and tire combination weights does have an impact on acceleration and handling. While the engine out put remains the same, static weight has to be overcome to accelerate. In general sized wheels weigh more, which means the car will be slower off the line an at speed changes. Ride comfort is decreased and steering effort increased. Just one reason my cars ride on small rims like they did from the factory and not 2 rims.8. where are spark plugs on 1997 Ford E-150 5.4L?You must remove the ignition coils to get to the plugs. with anti-seize. There are only 4 threads holding the plugs in, and if they loosen up, they will vibrate, break the threads and eject. The plug breakage problem comes on the '03- and later heads where there are 8 threads holding the plugs in, and the steel plug bodies try to gall in the aluminum cylinder head due to a lack of anti-seize compound from the factory

Nights In White Satin never reaching the end1. girls,do you think a short pink pleated skirt with boots ,ivory satin blouse will look good on a guy?ppl will think you are gay2. What to wear with satin mocha color cocktail dress?cream or ivory would go well with this color and look very polished3. What kind of petticoat should I wear under a white satin tea length wedding dress (think mariyn monroe dress)?Bridal shops do have petticoats Also ebay-under rockabilly dresses, look there under slips or petticoats4. How wood I prepare a guitar top to paint, which does have a satin finish, no gloss! I need to sand the top?Start with 100-200 grit sandpaper, then sand again with 400-600 grit to smooth it out. You do not have to take it all the way down to the wood, but you might need to primer it before just painting over the old paint because it probably wo not stick or it will bubble later on down the road. For best reults, sand all the way to the wood, clean it, paint it 3-4 layers, and then add some clear-coat 4-5 layers depending on how would eep' you want the paint to look. Make sure you use some tacking cloth between layers of paint to remove any nasties and impurities. For the final coats, you shuld let them stand for about 6-12 hours between applications and spray VERY LIGHTLY. If you hose it all up on the last few steps, you will either have to live with it or re-do the whole darn thing! Good luck with the painting. RE:designs; draw them out on paper FIRST!!! Make sure you practice actual painting on a mock-up surface before trying it on the real thing especially if it's your first time. Practice makes perfect. Get yourself some of the blue painter's masking tape, and use an Xacto knife to cut out sharp lines and edges for the designs. If adding shadowing or layering designs, make sure you use dark first, then go lighter until you are on the last layer where it shoud be glints of white or bright colors. As mentioned before, let things stand between coats/desgins to dry and use tacking cloth to rid yourself of the nasties. If the paint runs DON'T FIX IT!!! Wipe up as much as you can, and sand it off AFTER it dries (You can use paint thinner too, but you ave to be very careful and only use it on a q-tip so you do not go smudging up everything around it. Hope this all helps!!!5. Did satin talk to me through this dream? i am christian please help!?Satin is a material. Satan was a myth made up by the Church a long time ago to scare pagans into converting. He doesnt exist. You have an overactive imagination.6. How do I pack nice clothing (satin or other fabrics besides cotton) in a suitcase without wrinkling?Fold and roll, yes indeed. And I do not know why, but placing a dryer sheet on the piece of clothing before rolling seems to protect my silkier items better7. We have a lot of embroidered satin shoes and bags for sale?wow. free advertising. how smart of you people.8. What shoes color goes good with a cream satin dress?That gown is extremely quite! so good selection with that :) if i became you i would possibly positioned on shoes a similar colour because the gown or in case you pick a diverse colour shoe purely adventure it with the colour of the bag! have you ever regarded on Asos? or matalan can do magnificent shoes in certain circumstances and New seem are interior of your skill9. Can you sit on satin fabric?The problem is not the weave of the fabric (although it will be slippery to sit on). The "bleeding" you describe is technically called "crocking" if it's color rubbing off onto dry surfaces. To test for that, take a clean piece of white cotton fabric, stretch it over your fingers tightly and rub the fabric to be tested about 50 times, firmly. If the cotton fabric discolors, you've got crocking, and the fabric is defective. Wet dye transfer is called "bleeding"... you can test for that similarly, but wet the fabric first.

The International Space Station conducted research using oculus rift to understand how space affects hand eye coordinationGerman ESA astronaut Alexander gerst is participating in a study on the international space station (ISS), which uses the improved oculus rift to enable earth researchers to better understand how vision, sound and gravity affect hand eye coordination.Dr. Joe mclntyre of the French National Center for scientific research, who led the study, said: "We solve the problem of spatial positioning by studying the potential functional and structural determinants in animal models and by analyzing human behavior on earth and in space. We rely on extensive experimental methods to carefully connect these different objects in an excessive framework."European Space Agency astronaut Thomas pesquet first used this experimental device on the international space station during his mission in 2016. The modified rift is equipped with a custom infrared tracking device, which is integrated into the custom controller. The astronaut also wears an infrared sensor unit at the waist, which can provide a better hand position model than gerst's body."By strengthening the physiological research behind hand eye coordination, researchers can better treat other diseases related to dizziness, balance, spatial orientation and vestibular system. It will also help guide astronauts during spacewalk and facilitate the development of remotely controlled robots," the European Space Agency said in a statementUsers on earth can also explore the international space station through "mission: ISS" in International Space Station Tour VR on steam (rift, vive).It is reported that NVIDIA's next-generation geforce GPUs, tentatively named GTX 11 series, provides a new connection to support future VR head displays with higher resolution and refresh rate. NVIDIA's next-generation geforce graphics card GTX 11 series will add a new connector.According to the well-known person's hardware report, NVIDIA's next-generation GPUs can achieve 120Hz high-resolution output through the new connector. The report points out that the new connection developed by NVIDIA may be a proprietary NVIDIA connector, but does not rule out the possibility of HDMI 2.1. HDMI is a widely accepted technology.The latest high-end C-terminal head display is equipped with 90hz, 2880 x 1600 resolution displays, such as HTC vive pro and Samsung Odyssey. A variety of displays for new VR head displays in the future have pushed up these data. Like Google and LG displays earlier this year, it has reached 4800 x 3840 at a refresh rate of 120Hz. This significant jump in data volume not only needs to be generated by GPU, GPU is also required to transmit data with high resolution and high refresh rate to the head display.NVIDIA's R & D in this field provides strong technical support for VR. As for the actual release of GTX 11 series, Huang Renxun, CEO of NVIDIA, said last month that the next generation geforce graphics card still needs a long time to be launched.HTC announced 1500 layoffs in Taiwan's manufacturing sector, which is scheduled to be completed by OctoberIt is reported that HTC has cut about 1500 jobs in its manufacturing department in Taiwan. Samson Ellis, President of Bloomberg's Taipei Branch, reported that the number of layoffs accounts for about 22% of HTC's employees. HTC said that this layoff is to enable the company to better reduce costs and restore profitability.In a statement, HTC said, "we announced today a plan to optimize the manufacturing department in Taiwan, which will make the manufacturing department more efficient and flexible in resource management." the layoff will be completed by October this year. HTC promised to work closely with the labor department in Taiwan to help the affected employees.For several years, the outlook of HTC's mobile phone business has been weak. Last year, HTC sold the pixel team to Google for $1.1 billion. This has reduced about 2000 employees and made HTC obtain some of the cash it urgently needs. The declining profitability still puzzles HTC, which was once considered a pioneer in the field of smart phones. Since 2014, HTC's annual profit has been decreasing, and there is nothing to see at present Although it is generally believed that the mobile phone business has delayed HTC, HTC has said that it will not withdraw from the market.In terms of VR, HTC has invested a lot of money in this central business, and has successively launched HTC vive pro, steam VR 2.0 base station and controller. Following the resignation of chialin Chang, President of HTC's smartphone and connected device business, the company adjusted its corporate structure and appointed VR executives to be responsible for the local smartphone and VR departments, making VR closer to its core business. However, at present, I We are not sure how layoffs will affect the company's VR strategy.

(source: OFweek)The human computer interaction Institute (HCI) of Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and Disney research launched a "acoustic instrument" cooperation program. Researchers used low-cost 3D printing plastic components to replace complex analog electronic circuits to create a variety of innovative plug-in accessories driven by acoustics for smart phones, such as expansion ports and other interesting expansion devices.For the so-called "application" (APP) toys or the peripheral market of toys driven by smartphone app, it is experiencing a vigorous development trend. In fact, this is one of the fastest-growing technology fields. According to market watch.com, this market will bring billions of dollars in sales in 2015 and beyond, and is closely related to two billions of dollars in toy and mobile app industries.Today, even the most humble smartphone expansion components are equipped with electronic circuits and control knobs to start circuits and transmit control signals to their connected phones. However, according to gierad laput, a doctoral candidate at Carnegie Mellon University, these accessories can actually be manufactured in a simpler and cheaper way. They do not have to be equipped with electronic circuits to achieve the same functional effect. Gierad laput is currently carrying out an investigation and Research on a new interface in the Institute of human-computer interaction of the University.Like most app toys, laput is interested in the computing power of smart phones and rich display interfaces, which can be used for most work, while the user interface expansion function he actually built is built in the shape of some knobs, sliding bars or any other linear sensors without any electronic circuits. Laput uses the speaker of the smart phone as the analog signal source of ultrasound, and uses the low-cost plastic structure that can passively interact with sound waves as the user interface.The microphone of the mobile phone receives the modulated ultrasound and interprets these changes as user input. At present, researchers use 100ms linear scanning in 16.50-22.05khz, but in a paper entitled acoustic instruments: passive, acoustically driven, interactive controls for handheld devices, he pointed out that in order to improve the resolution, As the sampling rate of handheld devices becomes higher and higher, the scanning rate and frequency range should also be greatly increased.The word "acoustic instrument" comes from the combination of acoustic and instrument. It refers to the small instrument expansion component that can be attached around the smart phone to modulate the sound wave in a way similar to the resonance (resonant cavity) of musicians playing wind music (pressing the hole plug or flute hole).In this article, the researchers describe how to design some structural elements that can be placed along the "speaker microphone" path to change the acoustic output characteristics. This process shapes a variety of different physical mechanisms, including small pipe diameters, deformable resonators, knobs that provide a variety of options for audio paths, and more practically converts all these mechanisms into a variety of different functions, such as knobs, sliding rods, proximity and pressure sensors, rotary encoders, or even tilt sensors.This can expand many new applications for low-cost plastic non electronic app toys, enabling them to provide richer, tangible and interactive functions. Experiments show that this acoustic instrument can achieve 99% accuracy. It not only needs a little practice or training, but also is very anti noise. In order to prove this concept, the researchers also made an iPhone shell made of soft airway, which can recognize the position or state of the device itself when it is placed on the table, in the hand or for taking photos.

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Does anyone know the right choice to this microbiology question? I believe that it is Immersion objective lens?Do not you have a book? o-o— — — — — —Suggestions for decreasing metagaming and increasing player immersion?I am not a really experienced DM but there is a method that I use to keep metagaming about the plot to a minimum.Add plot twist when the players are least expecting them, and do not add plot twists when the players are expecting them. Sounds simple, right?My last session was probably the most immersive game I have ever been in. The players went to a dungeon in a forest with a guide who is a Bard. They cleaned the dungeon, what did they expect? A boss. In the last room, there was an ugly man in brown kneeling before an altar and casting a spell. What did they expect? A necromancer or something, trying to summon a creature. But the man was actually trying to expel the evil soul that is bound to the altar and the Bard was actually a Sorceress in disguise (the fact that the Bard's instrument was missing was a good enough story for the players) trying to kill the PCs secretly while acting like she is helping them.One of the players got suspicious of the Bard. In the end, they tied both NPCs up, and argued about what to do for like 15 minutes.Getting players to think about the plot seriously and letting them make an important decision will increase immersion to maximum. Even the most experienced veteran on the table forgot about metagaming. On another note, we also turn off the lights and light candles while playing some eerie music. Definitely gives that dungeon feel— — — — — —Does fast travel in video games kill immersion?Perhaps, but is immersion more important than entertainment?This is a big deal in open world games, if you've got the ability go where you want, when you want, you are going to be needing to do a lot of backtracking and when the world is big, that can be a royal pain, especially if time is limited, you do not want to squander your precious play time walking or riding across the map just to get to the quest point.So developers have a couple of options, either restrict exploration and make fast travel unnecessary or allow full freedom with a quick travel option. The first option possibly does not match their design choices, too much shepherding of the player takes away a fair amount of environmental immersion, which is great for plot immersion but not necessarily what they want to achieve. There are more subtle ways to approach it, like implementing difficulty zones but it still restricts exploration and for a truly open world, the player should be able to go anywhere.So, to stop a game becoming a chore to invest time in, fast travel becomes a necessity and it really does not have to be an immersion breaker, in Skyrim, your character already knows the location of your destination and rides their own horse there, the same applies in The Witcher 3, if you've been there before, do really want to take 10-15 minutes to travel there manually? If you do have the time to waste doing that, that's good for you but most players probably do not .In both of these games however, there are incentives to forgo the quick travel, hundreds of points of interest just off the beaten track to distract the player and make the journey eventful, Skyrim even marks them on your compass so you do not have to look that hard, The Witcher puts a horde of question marks on your map to guide you there. Fast travel then gives the player the power to control the story flow, but the trade off is in the opportunity for discovery.Finally, the player has the power to choose. If you do not want to break immersion, by all means travel around the map the hard way, just because a feature is included, it does not force you to use it, is not that the whole point? Different players have different needs for their entertainment, if they were discouraged from playing because the game did not accommodate their needs then you would be left with a tiny player base of anal retentive hardcore nuts and an unsustainable franchise. Nobody likes being told how to enjoy themselves, so I just do not understand the need to force your idea of fun on others, instead give everyone the tools and let them decide how best to use them, or if to use them at all

One of my high school memories is of my principal ordering me to shave my dreadlocks off. I found his orders peculiar, as I saw nothing wrong with my hairstyle. I was at the zenith of my adolescence, characterised by infernal impudence, and challenged him to give me money to please his demands. I knew inwardly that I disappointed him with my crude response, since he had invested his trust in me, both educationally and in my promising soccer career. I liked my dreadlocks a lot. The girls were crazy about the bleached mop on my head, and I especially enjoyed hearing their spontaneous boisterous screams on the sidelines of a soccer pitch, shouting my name every time I had the ball at my feet. His dislike of my hairstyle didn't stop and he kept on cajoling me to go bald. He asked one of the teachers to intervene - the same teacher happened to be my dad's cousin, and the principal knew very well that I would ultimately oblige. One day, when coming back from school, I saw a white Toyota jalopy parked at my grandmother's house. I knew it belonged to that stooge of a teacher who would preclude my freedom at school. As hard as I tried to keep looking good with my dreadlocks, they tried to knock sense into my head about the importance of listening to my teachers. I reluctantly relented and opted for a new hairstyle. What brought this vivid memory back is the recent deplorable actions by Gauteng school kids who condescendingly boycotted classes, demanding to wear skinny pants. Just as I wanted to look good in my dreadlocks and refused to have a hair policy enforced on my head, they wanted to be at their elegant best in their tight-fitting pants. To them, their actions, which left teachers and parents in shame, were impeccable as they wanted to make a fashion statement. But, to society, the proverb that "it takes a village to raise a child" was rendered futile. These are the same youngsters who are envisaged as future leaders but, instead of treating school as an institution of learning, they turn it into a bastion of crime, where cases of beating teachers, carrying weapons to school and bullying other pupils are often heard of. I also didn't like my khaki school uniform, but I had to wear it - not only because of school policy, but because it promoted a culture of homogeneity at school. As much as I do not blame them for their actions, I think now is the time for teachers and parents to work in unison for the benefit of pupils' futures. It is also unfortunate to state that, even if we can now start teaching the present generation about conventional behaviour in schools, we really need all the resources and power available to instil this kind of education into our community. We may be theologically divided as a country, but I am of the opinion that religious education needs to be reintroduced as one of the subjects at schools. This will serve as a divine clarion call to what God once prophesied in the book of 2 Chronicles 7:14 when He said: "If my people, who are called by my name, will humble themselves and pray and seek my face and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven, and I will forgive their sin and will heal their land."Gauteng Education MEC Panyaza Lesufi put it succinctly: "Few things in life are as clear as adolescents' seemingly innate drive to assert their independent judgement of social affairs. It is not uncommon for middle and high school pupils to challenge various manifestations of authority, and openly voice their opinions about the justice of the situations they encounter at home and at school." I fully align myself with his sentiment, that some of this wayward behaviour is influenced by the adolescent stage during which issues such as alcohol, drugs and crime can contribute to the pupils' unconventional conduct. But teachers cannot do it alone. Parents must play a primary role and the community should also get involved. After all, it takes the entire village to raise a child.Mogotlane is a public servant

Many cruise ships today have standard cabins of similar size and accoutrements, with the price differential being the location. The least expensive, inside standard cabins on a mainstream cruise ship run from about 120 square feet to 180 square feet. Since most cruise ships are relatively new or have been refurbished, the cabins usually are tastefully decorated with twin beds that can be pushed together to make a queen-sized bed for couples. The cruise staterooms have wall-to-wall carpeting, individually controlled air conditioning/heating, dresser or storage space, closet, telephone, and satellite television. The television usually has news, sports, local on-ship channels for broadcasting information on shore excursions or from guest lecturers, and movies.Some cruise cabins have VCRs or DVD players, and some televisions also have radio/music channels. The cabins also usually have a night table, reading lamps, and a chair. Most modern cruise ships come with a hairdryer, so you won't have to bring one from home. Some standard staterooms feature personal safes, table, desk with chair, convertible loveseat, mini-refrigerator, and even Internet access, although it is often much more costly than in the common Internet lounge. The cruise line brochure or Web site usually specifies what amenities are in each cabin.The standard cruise cabin bathrooms are usually tiny and most only have a shower (no tub). The shower usually has good water pressure, with the only complaint being the small size. Don't be surprised if the shower curtain keeps trying to attack you! The bathroom also has a sink, toiletry shelves, and a noisy vacuum toilet like on an airplane. Often there is a small step up between the bedroom and bathroom, perfect for stubbing your toe. The bathrooms also usually have a retractable clothesline for drying your swimsuit or hand laundry.The next step above an outside cabin is one with a balcony (verandah). These cruise cabins have sliding glass doors, giving you access to the outside. The sliding doors also mean you can see outside from anywhere in the cabin, i.e. lie on the bed and still see the ocean outside. Usually the cruise balcony cabins are also larger than the standard cabins, and some qualify as mini-suites. Which means they have a small sitting area with a loveseat or convertible sofa. The cruise mini-suites also usually have a curtain that can be drawn to separate the sleeping and sitting areas. This feature is ideal for couples (or friends) that have different sleeping habits.This article was posted on August 2, 2005

The revised title does reflect the views of many people who want to distinguish virtual currencies such as bitcoin from blockchain technology. In fact, this is a long debated issue. Is bitcoin and blockchain, the "currency" representing economy and the "chain" referring to technology separable or inseparable?To discuss this issue, you can go back to Nakamoto's paper bitcoin: point-to-point e-cash system and the context of his technological invention. The bitcoin invented by Nakamoto is not the first and certainly not the last thing to try to create value in digital space. According to the statistics of Jimmy Clark in the article "the long road to bitcoin", there are hundreds of similar systems, among which PayPal is well-known and still in actual use in the world. Of course, for the current Chinese, we are more familiar with the Internet payment, such as Alipay and WeChat wallet. As for the design method of currency and other things representing value in the digital world, paypal and others actually use credit. When we pay, what we pay is actually credit, which is recorded and confirmed by them.However, there is another unsuccessful attempt in the technology circle, that is, trying to use the idea of cash to create something so that people can use it like cash in the digital world. Predecessors have made many explorations, but none of them succeeded until Nakamoto invented bitcoin, a "cash" - bitcoin. It is worth mentioning that David JOM first put forward a complete and feasible idea more than 30 years ago. In 1983, he first proposed to use encryption technology to create a kind of cash in digital space, and in 1989 he founded a company to realize his idea commercially. Bitcoin can be regarded as a wonderful improvement on JOM's original idea. Now we will not recognize it as a circulating currency equivalent to cash in the real world, but it technically realizes something logically similar to cash.When referring to the "cash" of bitcoin, I put quotation marks on the word cash, because if we go back to 2007, Nakamoto does not want to invent something equivalent to cash in the real world or change the status quo, but to solve a technical problem and build a game. To create such a toy, Nakamoto has to solve many problems, including two. In Jimmy Clark's words, the first is how to "issue money out of thin air" and the second is "record all information in the account book". First, although it is only a toy, it is still necessary to choose an effective mechanism. The mechanism chosen by Nakamoto is that a certain amount of mathematical calculation can be carried out to generate new "cash". What people say now, such as "mining" and "decentralization" known by the public, or professional "computing power" and "workload proof" (POW), are related to this mechanism. Second, the ledger is now known as the "blockchain". The foundation of the blockchain is a large distributed, open, interconnected and tamper proof ledger. Nakamoto has made several very important changes to the technologies and mechanisms related to blockchain. His design truly invented "blockchain" and made it the basis of a series of innovations.In the history of Internet development, there are many such toys. Tim Bonas Lee invented the world wide web (WWW), Linus invented the operating system Linux, Mark Anderson developed the m osaic browser (he later developed the Netscape browser), and even Larry Page and Sergey Brin first developed Google. By analogy, I mean that no matter what people think of bitcoin at present, whether it is regarded as currency, commodity or asset, one of its important attributes is a technical toy. In fact, for quite a long time before the price of bitcoin soared, it was a toy. Technicians liked to tamper with and modify toys. There were also cases where someone exchanged 10000 bitcoins for a pizza. After a technology is invented, what practical use it can eventually find and how much impact it can have on the world are other things.As can be seen from the above discussion, Nakamoto created a wonderful toy in the process of solving problems: he created a basic technology, namely blockchain (ledger), and an application, namely bitcoin ("cash"). More specifically, the things invented by Nakamoto include three layers: the bottom layer is the technical blockchain (account book); In the middle is the bitcoin protocol based on blockchain; At the top is the application, the "cash" of bitcoin. Ledgers have both technical and economic meanings. The economic meaning of ledgers will be discussed in detail later.Next, people in different fields further agitated the toy and gradually wanted to make the potential toy practical. People first created a variety of coins similar to bitcoin, and then many people tried to separate coins from chains. Later, the team represented by Ethereum tried to create blockchain 2.0 system and turn it into a "next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform". Now more organizations are trying to develop a new generation of systems, claiming 3.0 and 4.0. Interestingly, Ethereum has not actually become a new generation of operating system that can run applications. Issuing tokens that meet its erc20 standard has become the core application scenario of its smart contract. In this way, there are many more application tokens all over the world, which is the scene of virtual currency from mid-2017 to now.Anyway, at this time, bitcoin and blockchain technology as a whole have developed to a new stage. It no longer only has the function of issuing "cash" like toys, but also has the function of issuing tokens / tokens. The emergence of pass has opened up the economic possibility and application prospect of blockchain, and the two wings of blockchain, technology and economy, have gradually taken shape. Although it is difficult to predict how the last two will develop, the "currency" representing economy and the "chain" representing technology, economy and technology are intertwined. In a sense, it is a bit like saying at the beginning of the development of the Internet that the Internet is only used to transmit information and should not develop e-commerce. At present, the high price of bitcoin and other virtual currencies and the speculation around them may not be expected by everyone. The chaos of virtual currency speculation should indeed be standardized, but only emphasizing technology, its development may fall into a misunderstanding. Blockchain technology and blockchain economy are intertwined and inseparable.